400 years of turmoil in 10 minutes
“I read the news and find hope.”
“What? Are you stupid or something?”
“I don’t claim to be a genius, but I’m encouraged by God.”
“You are encouraged – you find hope? What about the threat of wars and terrorists, ecological crises, economic downturns, and the imminent collapse of the Western way of life?”
“Hmm … what’s your point?”
“These are the things that matter – this is reality. If this falls apart, what will we have? You must be living in a dream world!”
“I’m not ignoring the fact that things seem to be falling apart. I am aware of the problems in our world. At the same time, I’m choosing to keep the long-term in view, not the short-term. Yes, these are times of great turmoil, but God is present and active. His purposes will never be frustrated.”
“What do you mean?”
Some questions to ask
There is a gap of approximately 400 years between the last book of the Old Testament and the first book of the New Testament. Those were times of great turmoil.
As we turn the page from the Old Testament to the New, a few things might confuse us.
Great empires and institutions disappeared, and others appeared. We might ask:
- What happened to the former way of life?
- Why no mention of the Persians?
- Why is everyone speaking Greek?
- How did the Romans get into the ‘story’?
- And where did the Herods, the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Zealots come from?
Great questions.
Let’s spend a little time tracing some of the major events that happened during the 400 years or so between the Testaments.
From Persian to Greek
About a century after Nehemiah, Alexander the Great led the Greeks in a devastating conquest of Persian territory that only took about ten years (333 – 323 BC).
The year 323 BC marked the death of the 33-year-old Alexander. His death left a leadership vacuum in his new empire. Who would now rule this vast territory?
In simple terms, the Greek empire was divided among four of Alexander’s generals. The two relevant to us are Seleucus, who ruled the Syrian territory, and Ptolemy, who ruled the Egyptian territory. Between these two territories lay the lands of Israel and Judah.
This period of Greek, or Hellenistic, dominance had a profound effect on the cultures of that region. Koine (or Common) Greek became the common language of these diverse people groups. The Hebrew Bible was even translated into Greek during this time. It is called the Septuagint (LXX), legitimizing the translation of Scripture into the common language of the people.
From the Greek Empire to Independence
The Greek rulers severely persecuted the Jewish people. In 167 BC, the Jewish people revolted against the rule of the Seleucids, who governed the lands of Judah, Samaria, and Galilee.
The ‘last straw’ that triggered this upheaval was a calculated insult by Antiochus Epiphanes (the Seleucid ruler). He sacrificed a sow (an unclean animal) in the Jewish temple at Jerusalem. The resulting revolt was led by a family of Jewish priests called the Maccabees. Their successors were known as the Hasmoneans or “rich ones.”
For a little more than 100 years, the Jewish people had some independence. This ended when the Roman legions marched into the region.
From Independence to the Roman Empire
In 63 BC, the Roman general Pompey the Great claimed the lands of Israel and Judah for Rome. In the same year, Gaius Octavius was born.
Herod the Great was an Idumean, meaning he was a descendant of Esau (not Jacob/Israel). The land of the Idumeans was Edom which is roughly present-day Jordan. The Romans appointed Herod as the “King of the Jews” to rule the Jewish territory for Rome. We read of him and some of his descendants in the books of Luke and Acts.
Gaius Octavius changed his name to Augustus. He ruled as the first Roman Emperor from 27 BC to 14 AD. It is Augustus of whom we read in Luke 2:1
In those days Caesar Augustus issued a decree that a census should be taken of the entire Roman world.
Four things we can learn from history
What can we take away from this brief history lesson to benefit how we live today?
1. Remember that we are tracing history—real people, places, and events. This is not dream-world stuff; this is reality! The temptation is to see history as somehow unreal because of its distance in time and space. Remember that this is about real people, kings, and empires.
The current events of those days were just as real to those people as our current events are to us.
Looking at the big ‘story’ gives us the real picture—it gives us a true perspective of current events.
2. Empires do not last. The Kingdom of God does!
The great empire of Persia collapsed under the weight of the Greek invasion. The Greek Empire faded gradually after Alexander's death. The Roman Empire crushed Jewish independence.
Where is the might of the Roman Empire and its powerful army now? More recently, where are the Third Reich or the Soviet Union? Empires do not last—the Kingdom of God does!
3. God is present and active. He is advancing His ‘Story’!
If we look more closely at each era, we find God at work through people and events.
This is true of our ‘here and now.’ God continues to be present and active.
4. Knowing this big picture—God’s ‘Story’—makes a difference to our perspective of world events. How can it influence the way we think and act?
If you get a sense of this larger ‘Story,’ you begin to see things differently. You become a person of hope despite what the news media say. And in this hope, you can discern how God is present and active. And from there you can join him in advancing His ‘Story’—even in small things.
What can you add?
Click "yes" to receive resource-rich newsletters.
Helpful resources provided to 'living theology' subscribers.
YES!